FEW NOTES ABOUT LAPAROSCOPY

Early in 2002 I started Laparoscopic surgery in Sulemani city in Sulemani Teaching Hospital, next year gynecologists started laparoscopic surgery in Sulemni Maternity hospital.It is worthy to mention that Dr Dler Nuri Rashid was practicing diagnostic gynecological laparoscopy using old system without 
aVideo or an automatic insufflators, many years before above mentioned date.
The first Private Laparoscopic Hospital in Sulemani was Hatwan Private Hospital opened on 14th July 2004.
Presence of laparoscopic facilities, in these hospitals, increasing awareness of patients of their wellbeing and good results of laparoscopic surgery changes the attitude of both surgeons and patients from open to laparoscopic surgery: specially  for cholecystectomy, appendectomy, liver and pancreatic biopsy, explorative laparoscopy for undiagnosed abdominal pain , ovarian pathology and investigation for infertility.
All the knowledge of laparoscopy could not be gained from one text book that adds to the difficulties for beginners in the field, especially in the imagination of the procedure; therefore, we felt that a colored atlas of laparoscopy may help in better imagination and perception of the procedures.   
This book is the result; I hope that it will be of value to students and to our colleagues learning laparoscopy.

Assistant Professor Dr. Hiwa Omer Ahmed

HISTORY OF LAPAROSCOPY

Surgery is the first and the highest division of the healing art, pure in itself, perpetual in its applicability, a working product of heaven and sure of fame on earth" - Sushruta (400 B.C.)

Access to body cavities in order to undertake surgical procedures by other means than making a large incisions  has been a technique waiting for its time. Laparoscopy is the technique of the new millennium

for doing most of abdominal operations. This is a form of Minimally Invasive Surgery and it is one of the most significant advancement of Surgery which took place in the 20th century. Currently, Minimal Access Surgery is the broad umbrella under which all endoscopic surgeries are placed. 
Laparoscopic surgical techniques are being applied to a growing number of surgical procedures. Patients are attracted to the reduced pain and faster recovery associated with the procedures, and surgeons are finding that laparoscopic surgery matches traditional open procedures in terms of effectiveness 
Translated from the Greek, "Laparoscopy" means examination of the abdomen with a scope, which is also known as an Endoscope. An Endoscope in the bladder is cystoscopy and in the uterus is hysteroscopy and so on. The other terms loosely used are key-hole surgery and laser surgery. 
Explaining laparoscopic surgery is best accomplished by comparing it to traditional surgery. With traditional or 'open' surgery, the surgeon must make an incision that exposes the area of the body to be operated on. Until a few years ago, opening up the body was the only way a surgeon could perform the procedure. Now, laparoscopy eliminates the need for a large incision. Instead, the surgeon uses a 
laparoscope, a thin telescope-like instrument that provides interior views of the body.The earliest recorded references to endoscopy date to ancient times with Hippocrates.
 In   his description there is explanation of rectum examination with a speculum. Moreover, Hippocrates treated these life-threatening conditions with minimally invasive approaches.
1585, Aranzi was the first to use a light source for an endoscopic procedure, focusing sunlight through a flask of water and projecting the light into the nasal cavity
1706, The term �trocar,� was coined in 1706, and is thought to be derived from trochartor troise-quarts, a three-faced instrument consisting of a perforator enclosed in a metal cannula.
1806, Philip Bozzini, built an instrument that could be introduced in the human body to visualize the internal organs. He called this instrument "LICHTLEITER"
. Bozzini used an aluminium tube to visualize the genitourinary tract. The tube, illuminated by a wax candle, had fitted mirrors to reflect images.
1853, Antoine Jean Desormeaux, a French surgeon first introduced the 'Lichtleiter" of Bozzini to a patient. For many surgeons he is considered as the "Father of Endoscopy".
 1867, Desormeaux, used an open tube to examine the genitourinary tract, combining alcohol and turpentine with a flame in order to generate a brighter, more condensable beam of light.
1868, Kussmaul performed the first esophagogastroscopy on a professional sword swalloIr, initiating efforts at instrumentation of the gastrointestinal tract. Mikulicz and Schindler, hoIver, are credited with the advancement of gastroscopy

1869, Commander Pantaleoni used a modified cystoscope to cauterize a hemorrhagic uterine growth. Pantaleoni thus performed the first diagnostic and therapeutic hysteroscopy
1901, Dimitri Ott, a Petrograd gynecologist wore head mirrors to reflect light and augment visualization and used access technique in which a speculum was 
introduced through an incision in the prior fornix in a pregnant woman.
1901, The first experimental laparoscopy was performed in Berlin in 1901
by German surgeon Georg Kelling, who used a cystoscope to peer into the abdomen of a dog after first insufflating it with air. Kelling also used filtered atmospheric air to create a pneumoperitoneum, with the goal of stopping intra-abdominal bleeding (Ectopic pregnancy, bleeding ulcers, and pancreatitis) but these studies did not find any response or 
supporters. Kelling proposed a high-pressure insufflation of the abdominal cavity, a technique he called the "Luft-tamponade" or "air-tamponade".
1910,  H.C. Jacobaeus of Stockholm published a discussion of the inspection of the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavity.

1911,  Bertram M. Bernheim, from Johns Hopkins Hospital introduced first laparoscopic surgery to the United States. He named the procedure of minimal access surgery as "organoscopy". The instrument used 
was a proctoscope of a half inch diameter and ordinary light for illumination was used.
1911, H.C. Jacobaeus, again coined the term "laparothorakoskopie" after using this procedure on the thorax and abdomen.  He used to introduce the trocar inside the body cavity directly without employing a pneumoperitoneum.
1918, O. Goetze, developed an automatic pneumoperitoneum needle characterized for its safe
introduction to the peritoneal cavity.
The next decade and a half saw an interruption of technological advances and a lack of any substantial development in endoscopy due to World War I.
1920, Zollikofer of Switzerland discovered the benefit of CO2 gas to use for insufflation, rather than filtered atmospheric air or nitrogen.
1929, Heinz Kalk, a German gastroenterologist developed a 135 degree lens system and a dual trocar.

approach. He used laparoscopy as a diagnostic method for liver and gallbladder disease.
1934,  John C. Ruddock, an American surgeon described laparoscopy as a good diagnostic method, many times, superior than laparotomy.  John C. Ruddock used the instrument for diagnostic laparoscopy which consisted a built-in forceps with electro coagulation capacity.
1936, Boesch of Switzerland is credited for doing the first laparoscopic tubal sterilization
1938, Janos Veress of Hungary developed a specially designed spring-loaded needle. Interestingly, Veress did not promote the use of his Veress needle for laparoscopy purposes. He used veress needle for the induction of pneumothorax. Veress needle is the most important instrument today to create pneumo-peritoneum. Veress needle consists of an outer cannula with a beveled needle point for cutting through tissues. Inside the cannula of verses needle is an inner stylet, stylet is loaded with a spring that spring forward in response to the sudden decrease in pressure encountered upon crossing the abdominal wall and entering the peritoneal cavity.

1939, Richard W. Telinde, tried to perform an endoscopic procedure by a culdoscopic approach, in the lithotomy position. This method was rapidly abandoned because of the presence of small intestine.
1939, Heinz Kalk published his experience of 2000 liver biopsies performed using local anaesthesia without mortality.

1944, Raoul Palmer, of Paris performed gynaecological examinations using laparoscopy and placing the patients in the Trendelenberg position, so air could fill the pelvis. He also stressed the importance of continuous intra-abdominal pressure monitoring during a laparoscopic procedure.
1953, The rigid rod lens system was discovered by Professor Hopkins. The credit of videoscopic surgery goes to this surgeon who has revolutionized the concept by making this instrument.

1960, Kurt Semm, a German gynaecologist, who invented the automatic insufflator. His experience with this new device was published in 1966. Although not recognized in his own land, on the other side of the Atlantic, both American physicians and instrument makers valued the Semm�s insufflator for its simple application, clinical value, and safety.

1960, British Gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe adapted the techniques of sterilization by two puncture technique.
1966, Kurt Semm introduced an automatic insufflation device capable of monitoring intra-abdominal pressures. This reduced the dangers 
associated with insufflation of the abdomen and alloId safer laparoscopy.
1970, Gynaecologists had embraced laparoscopy and thoroughly incorporated the technique into their practice. General surgeons, despite their exposure to laparoscopy remained confined to traditional open surgery.
1972, H.Coutnay Clarke first time shoId laparoscopic suturing technique for hemostasis.
1973, Gaylord D. Alexander developed techniques of safe local and general anaesthesia sitable for laparoscopy.

1977, First Laparoscopic assisted appendicectomy was performed by Dekok. Appendix was exteriorized and ligated outside.
1977, Kurt Semm first time demonstrated endoloop suturing technique in laparoscopic surgery.      
1978, Hasson introduced an alternative method of trocar placement. He proposed a blunt mini-laparotomy which permits direct visualization of trocar entrance into the peritoneal cavity. A reusable device of similar design to a standard cannula but attached to an olive-shaped sleeve was developed by Hasson. This sleeve would slide up and down the shaft of the cannula and would form an airtight seal at the fascial opening. In addition, the sharp trocar was replaced by a blunt obturator. This cannula is held in place by the use of stay sutures passed through the fascial edges and attached to the body of the cannula.
1980, In United Kingdom Patrick Steptoe, started to perform laparoscopic procedures.

1983, Semm, a German gynaecologist, performed the first laparoscopic appendicectomy.
 1985, The first documented laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed by Erich M�he in Germany in 1985. 
1987, Ger reported first laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia using prototype stapeler.
1987, Phillipe Mouret, has got the credit to perform the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Lyons, France using video technique. Cholecystectomy is the laparoscopic procedure which revolutionized the general surgery.
1988, Harry Reich performed laparoscopic lymphadenectomy for treatment of ovarian cancer.

1989, Harry Reich described first laparoscopic hysterectomy using bipolar dessication; later he demonstrated staples and finally sutures for laparoscopic hysterectomy.
1989, Reddick and Olsen reported that CBD injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is 5 times that with conventional cholecystectomy. As a result of this report USA government announced that surgeons should do at least15 laparoscopic cholecystectomy 
under supervision before being alloId to do this procedure on their own.
1990, Bailey and Zucker in USA popularized laparoscopic anterior highly selective vagotomy combined with posterior truncal vagotomy.

1994, A robotic arm was designed to hold the telescope with the goal of improving safety and reducing the need of skilled camera operator.
1996, First live telecast of laparoscopic surgery performed remotely via the Internet.

REFERENCES 
* Guthrie D. A History of Medicine. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co., 1946; 57. 
* Kutumbiah P. The Evolution of Scientific Medicine. Madras, India: Orient Longman, 1971; 111. 
* Stubbs SGB, Bligh EW. Sixty Centuries of Health and Physick. London: Sampson, Low, Marston & Co, Ltd., ND; 58. 
* Cullen W. First Lines of the Practice of Physic. Edinburgh: William Creech, 1777; #XXXVII: 28. 
* Hippocrates (Coar T, trans). The Aphorisms of Hippocrates: with a Translation into Latin and English. London: AJ Valpy, 1822; 223-24. 
* Galen (Green RM, trans). A Translation of Galen's Hygiene (De Sanitate Tuenda). Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1951; Book I, Chap. III,:9-10. 
* Michael Servetus (O'Malley CD, trans). Christianismi Restitutio and Other Writings. Birmingham: The Classics of Medicine Library, 1989; 115.

* Hippocrates Adams F, trans). The Genuine Works of Hippocrates. London: The Sydenham Society. 1849; 820-21. 
* Benton P, Hewlett JH. Surgery Through the Ages: A Pictorial Chronical. NY: Hastings House Pub., 1944; 31. 
* RassIiler J, Zeeman O, Schulze M, Tebr D, Hatzinger M, Frede T. Laparoscopic versus open radical prostatectomy: a comparative study at a single institution 
* Organ CH. Historical Contributions to Gasless Laparoscopy. In Smith RS and Organ CH, eds., Gasless Laparoscopy with Conventional Instruments: The Next Phase in Minimally Invasive Surgery. San Francisco: Norman Pub., 1933; 1-10. 
* Gunning JE, RosenzIig BA. Evolution of Endoscopic Surgery, In White RA, Klein SR (eds.): Endoscopic Surgery. Boston: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1991;1-9. 
* Saleh JW. Laparoscopy. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1988; vii-viii. 
* Lanfranco AR, Castellanos AE, Jaydev MD, Desai P, Meyers MD. Robotic surgery: a current perspective 
* Philipi CJ, Fitzgibbons RJ, Salerno GM. Historical Review: Diagnostic Laparoscopy to Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Beyond. In: Zucker KA, ed. Surgical Laparoscopy. St.Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc., 1991; 3-21. 
* Berci G. History of Endoscopy. In: Berci G, ed., Endoscopy. NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1976; xix-xxiii. 
* Coakley D. The Irish School of Medicine: Outstanding Practitioners of the 19th Century. Dublin, Ireland: Townhouse Pub., 1988; 112-14. 
*. Haubrich WS. History of Endoscopy. In: Sivak MV, ed. Gastroenterologic Endoscopy. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co., 1987; 2-19. 
* Celsus (Spencer WG, trans). De Medicina. London: Harvard University Press 1979; Book VII, Chap.15. 
* Thompson CJ. The History and Evolution of Surgical Instruments. NY: Schuman's,1942; 89-93. 
* Bernheim BM. Organoscopy. Ann Surg 1911; 53:764. 
* Nadeau OE, Kampmeier OF. Endoscopy of the abdomen: Abdominoscopy. A Preliminary study, 
including a summary of the literature and description of the technique. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1925; 41:259. 
* Semm K (Friederich ER, trans). Operative Manual for Endoscopic Abdominal Surgery. Chicago: Year Book Medical Pub., Inc., 1987; 5-15, 61-75. 
* Hasson HM. Open laparoscopy vs. closed laparoscopy: A comparison of complication rates. Adv Planned Parenthood 1978; 13:41-50. 
* Lightdale CJ. Laparoscopy and biopsy in malignant liver disease. Cancer 1982 (Suppl11):2672-5. 
* Warshaw AC, Tepper JE, Shipley WU. Laparoscopy in staging and planning therapy for pancreatic cancer. Am J Surg 1986; 151:76-80. 
* Dubois F, Icard P, Berthelot G et al. Celioscopic cholecystectomy: preliminary report of 36 cases. Ann Surg 1990; 211:60-2. 
* Reddick EJ, Olsen DO. Laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy: a comparison with non-laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 1989; 3:131-3. 
* Soper NJ. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Curr Prob Surgery 1991; 28:583-655. 
* Miles I. Rectosigmoidectomy as method of treatment for procidentia recti. Proc Roy Soc Med 1933; 26:1445. 
* Altemeier WA, Giuseffi J, Hoxworth PI. Treatment of extensive prolapse of rectum in aged and debilitated patients. Arch Surg 1952; 65:72. 
* Altemeier WA, Cuthbertson, WR, SchoIngerdt C, Hunt J. Nineteen years' experience with the one-stage perineal repair of rectal prolapse. Ann Surg 1971; 173:993-1001. 
* DeKok H. A new technique for resecting the non-inflamed not-adhesive appendix through a mini-laparotomy with the aid of a laparoscope. Arch Chir Neerl 1977; 29:195-7. 
* Semm K. Endoscopic appendicectomy . Endoscopy 1983; 15:59-64. 
* Schreiber J. Early experience with laparoscopic appendectomy in women. Surg Endosc 1987;1:211-16. 
* Whitworth CM, Whitworth PW, Sanfillipo J, Polk HC. Value of diagnostic laparoscopy in young women with possible appendicitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988;107:187-90. 
 Saclarides TT, Ko ST, Airen M et al. Laparoscopic removal of a lare colonic lipoma. Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectrum 1991; 34:1027-9. 
* Fowler DC, White SA. Brief clinical report:Laparoscopic-assisted sigmoid resection. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1991; 1:183-8. 
* Corbitt JD. Preliminary experience with laparoscopic-guided colectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1992; 2:79-81. 
* Phillips EH, Franklin M, Carroll BJ et al. Laparoscopic colectomy. Ann Surg 1992; 216(6): 703-7. 
* Senagore AJ, Luchtfeld MA, Mackeigan JM, Mazier WP. Open colectomy vs. laparoscopic colectomy: Are there differences? Am Surgeon 1993; 59:549-53. 
* Falk PM, Beart RW, Ixner SD, et al. Laparoscopic colectomy: A critical appraisal. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36:28-34. 
* Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons Committee on Credentialing. Granting of Privileges for Laparoscopic (Peritoneoscopic) General Surgery, January 1992.

* Dent TL, Forde KA, Greene FL. Training and Credentialing: Who Should Monitor the Quality of Endoscopic Surgery? In Schrock TR, ed., Insights Today: Endosurgery for the 90's. Little Falls, NJ: Health Learning Systems, Inc.,1992; 1-8. 
* Herrell SD, Smith JA. Laparoscopic and robotic radical prostatectomy: what are the real advantages? BJU Int 2005; 95: 3-4
* Forde KA. Hospital Credentialing. In: Ballantyne GH, Leahy PF, Modlin IM. Laparoscopic Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1994; 686-690.

Member Login

Web Page Maker, create your own web pages.